10 tut - SHARING TIP AND TUT: tháng 12 2008

Thứ Sáu, 26 tháng 12, 2008

CCNA3 v4.0 download

Please visit this blog daily to get updates.
I will not update CCNA-4.blogspot All questions will be answer in this blog.

I received many email asking me to update the download link.
Sorry.... now you can down in the link below. Do not forget to share to everyone about this blog:

www.ccna4u.net
www.ccna4u.info
www.ccna4u.tk

Big file : (CCNA1 to CCNA4 - updated)
http://www.4shared.com/file/75646731/56d0cb1a/All_CCNA4.html

MODULE
CCNA1(All 100/100)
http://www.ccna4u.net/search/label/CCNA%201%20v%204.0
CCNA2: (All = 100%)
http://www.4shared.com/file/88888727/17ad740/SOAL_KUIS.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003514/62d85d56/sem2_chapter1.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003533/ce8aaa77/sem2_chapter2.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003551/76de6cdd/sem2_chapter4.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003567/b4909a2b/sem2_chapter5.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003590/ad6c1347/sem2_chapter6.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003603/e7e147ed/sem2_chapter7.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003622/a2d015f9/sem2_chapter8.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003663/b1bbe06b/sem2_chapter9.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003493/35a728ca/chapter_10_test.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78003480/b5b54831/CCNA2_MODULE_11.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/78004071/dff4f40d/CCNA2.html
CCNA3: ALL 100/100
http://www.4shared.com/file/79692265/9a53003f/CCNA3_v4_100all.html
CCNA4: ALL 100/100
http://www.4shared.com/file/92170720/972ff3c5/ccna4unet_CCNA4_NEW.html

FINAL:
CCNA1 FINAL (100/100):
http://www.4shared.com/file/68100765/4c5953bc/CCNA1_FINAL_-_Share_by_KKL.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/69229433/fd20d965/CCNA_1_Final_15-10-08.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/76400793/eefa0036/Final_CCNA1v4_1001.html

CCNA2 FINAL (100/100)
http://www.4shared.com/file/77494491/26b721d1/CCNA2_Final--1.html
CCNA3 FINAL:
http://www.4shared.com/file/80975330/98509b0/CCNA_3_FINAL_new.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/71199661/63dc9524/S3FINALCCNA4.html

Lastest version: (Update April 07 2009)

http://www.4shared.com/file/97107288/181f9a98/CCNA_3_FINAL2.html

CCNA4 FINAL:

http://www.4shared.com/file/74822217/1711c675/CCNA4_FINAL.html
http://www.4shared.com/file/67519931/116c1a2f/CCNA4_FINAL_100.html

(New new new March 6th 2009 -- when i free time i will answer)
http://www.4shared.com/file/91445427/1a56d9f3/CCNA4_FINAL_New.html

Please say thank to PINOCHIO (91%)

http://www.4shared.com/file/92477575/54ac8e6b/CCNA4_FINAL_BY_PINOCHIO.html
Lastest CCNA4 FINAL (100/100)

CCNA1 answer (Updated 23/12/2008 )

Please visit this blog daily to get updates.
I will not update CCNA-4.blogspot All questions will be answer in this blog.

I received many email asking me to update the download link.
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www.ccna4u.net
www.ccna4u.info
www.ccna4u.tk

CCNA4 v4.0 download(updated 23/12/2008)

Please visit this blog daily to get updates.
I will not update CCNA-4.blogspot All questions will be answer in this blog.

I received many email asking me to update the download link.
Sorry.... now you can down in the link below. Do not forget to share to everyone about this blog:

www.ccna4u.net
www.ccna4u.info
www.ccna4u.tk

CCNA2 FINAL2 (new 25/12/08)

1. Refer to the exhibit. The output of the show ip route command for three routers on a network is displayed. All routers are operational, pings are not blocked on this network, and no default routes are installed. Which two pings will fail? (Choose two.)
from R1 to 172.16.1.1
** from R1 to 192.168.3.1
from R2 to 192.168.1.1
from R2 to 192.168.3.1
** from R3 to 192.168.1.1
172.16.4.0/24

http://www.ccna4u.info/

2. A router that uses the RIP routing protocol has an entry for a network in the routing table. It then receives an update with another entry for the same destination network but with a lower hop count. What action will the router take for this new update?
** It will append the update information to the routing table.
It will invalidate the entry for that network in the routing table.
It will replace the existing routing table entry with the new information.
It will ignore the new update.

3. Which two statements are true for OSPF Hello packets? (Choose two.)
They negotiate correct parameters among neighboring interfaces.
They are used for dynamic neighbor discovery.
They use timers to elect the designated router with the fastest link.
** They are received from all routers on the network and used to determine the complete network topology.
** They are used to maintain neighbor relationships.

4. A network administrator needs to configure a single router to loadbalance the traffic over unequal cost paths. Which routing protocol should the administrator use?
EIGRP
OSPF
RIPv1
** RIPv2

5. Which two statements are correct about the split horizon with poison reverse method of routing loop prevention? (Choose two.)
It is enabled by default on all Cisco IOS implementations.
** It assigns a value that represents an infinite metric to the poisoned route.
** It sends back the poisoned route update to the same interface from where it was received.
It instructs routers to hold all changes that might affect routes, for a specified period of time.
It limits the number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it is discarded.

6. Refer to the exhibit. The show cdp neighbors command was run on one of the devices as shown. Based on this information, which two facts can be determined? (Choose two.)
** The command was run on the router.
ABCD is a non CISCO device.
Layer 3 connectivity between two devices exists.
ABCD supports routing capability.
** ABCD is connected to the Fa0/0 interface of the neighboring device.

7. Refer to the exhibit. The network has three connected routers: R1, R2 and R3. The routes of all three routers are displayed. What can be verified from the output?
R1 and R3 are connected to each other via the S0/0/0 interface.
The IP address of the S0/0/0 interface of R1 is 10.1.1.2.
The IP address of the S0/0/1 interface of R2 is 10.3.3.2.
** R2 is connected to the S0/0/1 interface of R3.

8. Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true of the routing table for Router1? (Choose three.)
The route to network 172.16.0.0 has an AD of 156160.
Network 192.168.0.16 can best be reached using FastEthernet0/0.
**The AD of EIGRP routes has been manually changed to a value other than the default value.
** Router1 is running both the EIGRP and OSPF routing process.
Network 172.17.0.0 can only be reached using a default route.
** No default route has been configured.

9. Refer to the exhibit. All the routers are properly configured to use the RIP routing protocol with default settings, and the network is fully converged. Router A is forwarding data to router E. Which statement is true about the routing path?
Router A will send the data via the ADE path that is listed in the routing table.
Router A will loadbalance the traffic between ABE and ACE.
** Router A will determine that all paths have equal metric cost.
Router A will send the data through ADE and keep ABE and ACE as the backup paths.

10. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has run the following command on R1.
R1# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2What is the result of running this command?
** Traffic for network 192.168.2.0 is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.
This route is automatically propagated throughout the entire network.
Traffic for all networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.
The command invokes a dynamic routing protocol for 192.168.2.0.

11. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator is planning IP addressing of a new network. What part of this addressing scheme must be changed to allow communication between host A and the server?
** the IP address of the server
the default gateway of host A
the IP address of host A
the default gateway of the server

12. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configured OSPF using the following command:
network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 0
Which router interface will participate in OSPF?
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/1
** Serial 0/0/0
Serial 0/0/1

13. Refer to the exhibit. All routers are configured to run RIPv1 and are fully converged. Which routing updates will be received by R3?
updates for 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.2.0/24
updates for 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24
** updates for 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24
updates for 172.16.0.0/16

14. Refer to the exhibit. Both routers are using the RIP protocol. Devices on the 192.168.1.1 network can ping the S0/0/0 interface on R2 but cannot ping devices on the 192.168.2.1 network. What is a possible cause of this problem?
** The routers are configured with different versions of RIP.
R2 is not forwarding the routing updates.
The R1 configuration should include the no autosummary command.
The maximum path number has been exceeded.

15. When a router boots, what is the default order to locate the Cisco IOS if there is no boot system command?
ROM, TFTP server, flash
flash, TFTP server, RAM
** flash, NVRAM, TFTP server
ROM, flash, TFTP server

16. Refer to the exhibit. Which router is advertising subnet 172.16.1.32/28?
Router1
Router2
Router3
** Router4

17. Which mechanism helps to avoid routing loops by advertising a metric of infinity?
** route poisoning
split horizon
holddown timer
triggered updates

18. Refer to the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 120?
It is the metric that is calculated by the routing protocol.
It is the value that is used by the DUAL algorithm to determine the bandwidth for the link.
** It is the administrative distance of the routing protocol.
It is the holddown time, measured in seconds, before the next update.

19. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator successfully pings R1 from R3. Next, the administrator runs the show cdp neighbors command on R3. The output of this command is displayed.What are two reasons for the absence of R1 in the output? (Choose two.)
There is a Layer 2 connectivity problem between R1 and R3.
The Fa0/0 interface of R1 is configured with an incorrect IP address.
**The no cdp run command has been run at R1.
**The no cdp enable command has been run at Fa0/1 interface of R3.R1 is powered off.

20. Refer to the exhibit. A device is required to complete the connection between router R1 and the WAN. Which two devices can be used for this? (Choose two.)
** a CSU/DSU device
** a modem
an Ethernet switch
a hub
a bridge

21. In a complex lab test environment, a router has discovered four paths to 192.168.1.0/24 via the use of the RIP routing process. Which route will be installed in the routing table after the discovery of all four paths?
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/3] via 192.168.110.1, 00:00:17, Serial 0/1/0
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Serial 0/0/0
** R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.1, 00:00:17, Serial 0/0/1
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/4] via 192.168.101.1, 00:00:17, Serial 0/1/1

22. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator accesses router R1 from the console port to configure a newly connected interface. What passwords will the network administrator need to enter to make the connection and the necessary configuration changes?
the Cisco123 password only
the Cisco789 password only
the Cisco001 password only
** the Cisco001 password and the Cisco789 passwords
the Cisco001 password and the Cisco123 passwords

23. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator adds this command to router R1: ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0. What is the result of adding this command?
This route is automatically propagated throughout the network.
The traffic for network 172.16.1.0 is forwarded to network 192.168.2.0.
** A static route is established.
The traffic for all Class C networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.

24. Refer to the exhibit. The router receives a packet that is destined for 192.168.5.79. How will the router handle this packet?
It will forward the packet via the Serial0/0/1 interface.
It will forward the packet via the FastEthernet0/0 interface.
It will forward the packet via the Serial0/0/0 interface.
** It will drop the packet.

25. Which two statements are true about classless routing protocols? (Choose two.)
** They can be used for discontiguous subnets.
** They can forward supernet routes in routing updates.
They cannot implement classful routes in routing tables.
They use only a hop count metric.
They do not include the subnet mask in routing updates.

26. Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are child routes?
1
3
** 4
6

27. A router has EIGRP configured as the only routing protocol. In what two ways does EIGRP respond if there is no feasible successor route to a destination network and the successor route fails? (Choose two.)
It broadcasts hello packets to all routers in the network to reestablish neighbor adjacencies.
** It sends queries to adjacent neighbors until a new successor route is found.
It immediately sends its entire routing table to its neighbors.
It sends queries to adjacent neighbors until the lost route is unknown to the neighbors.
** It automatically forwards traffic to a fallback default route until a successor route is found.

28. Refer to the exhibit. Packets destined to which two networks will require the router to perform a recursive lookup? (Choose two.)
** 10.0.0.0/8
64.100.0.0/16
128.107.0.0/16
172.16.40.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
** 192.168.2.0/24

29. Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements are true based on the exhibited output? (Choose two.)
The administrative distance of EIGRP has been set to 50.
** All routes are stable.
** The show ip eigrp topology command has been run on R1.
The serial interface between the two routers is down.
Each route has one feasible successor.

30. Refer to the exhibit. All routers are properly configured with default configurations and are running the OSPF routing protocol. The network is fully converged. A host on the 192.168.3.0/24 network is communicating with a host on the 192.168.2.0/24 network. Which path will be used to transmit the data?
The data will be transmitted via R3-R2.
** The data will be transmitted via R3-R1-R2.
The traffic will be loadbalanced between two paths — one via R3-R2, and the other via R3-R1-R2.
The data will be transmitted via R3-R2, and the other path via R3-R1-R2 will be retained as the backup path.

31. A network administrator has enabled RIP on routers B and C in the network diagram. Which of the following commands will prevent RIP updates from being sent to Router A?
** A(config)# router rip
A(configrouter)# passiveinterface S0/0
B(config)# router rip
B(configrouter)# network 192.168.25.48
B(configrouter)# network 192.168.25.64
A(config)# router rip
A(configrouter)# no network 192.168.25.32
B(config)# router rip
B(configrouter)# passiveinterface S0/0
A(config)# no router rip

32. Refer to the exhibit. The hosts on the R1 LAN are unable to access the Internet. What is incorrectly configured?
the IP address of the Fa 0/0 interface at R1
the IP address of the S 0/0/1 interface at R2
** the IP address of the S 0/0/0 interface at R1
the subnet mask of the S 0/0/1 interface at R2

33. Refer to the exhibit. A ping from R1 to 10.1.1.2 is successful, but a ping from R1 to 192.168.2.0 fails. What is the cause of this problem?
There is no gateway of last resort at R1.
The serial interface between the two routers is down.
** A default route is not configured on R1.
The static route for 192.168.2.0 is incorrectly configured.

34. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has run the show ip protocol command on R1. What can be determined from the exhibited output?
The router is using RIPv2.
The router is not forwarding routing updates.
The router is receiving updates for both versions of RIP.
** The FastEthernet0/0 interface is down.

35. Refer to the exhibit. All routers are configured to use the EIGRP routing protocol with default settings, all routes are advertised on all routers, and the network is fully converged. Which path will the data take to travel between 172.16.1.0/24 and 192.168.100.0/24?
It will travel via A, B, and C.
** It will travel via A, F, E, D, and C.
It will travel via A, G, H, and C.
The traffic will be loadbalanced on all paths.

36. Refer to the exhibit. All routers are configured for OSPF area 0. The network administrator requires that R2 always be the DR and maintain adjacency.Which two configurations can achieve this? (Choose two.)
Change the OSPF area of R2 to a higher value.
Change the router ID for R2 by assigning the IP address 172.16.30.5/24 to the Fa0/0 interface.
** Change the priority values of the Fa0/0 interfaces of R1 and R3 to 0.
** Configure a loopback interface on R2, with an IP address higher than any IPaddress on the other routers.
Configure R1 and R3 with an IP address whose value is higher than that of R2.

37. Refer to the exhibit. Host A is unable to access the Internet, and troubleshooting has revealed that this is due to an addressing problem. What is incorrectly configured in this network?
the IP address of the Fa 0/0 interface of R1
the subnet mask of the S 0/0/0 interface of R1
** the IP address of the S 0/0/0 interface of R1
the subnet mask of the S0/0/0 interface of R2

38. Refer to the exhibit. All routes are advertised and fully operational on all routers. Which statement is true about the path that the data will take from router A to router B?
** If EIGRP is used with default configurations, the data will be equally distributed between two paths — A, D, B and A, C, D.
If RIPv1 is used with default configurations, the data will be loadbalanced on all paths.
If EIGRP and OSPF are both used with default configurations, the data will be sent through paths learned by the OSPF protocol.
If RIPv2 is used with default configurations, the data will be equally distributed between two paths — A, D, B and A, C, D.

39. Refer to the exhibit. The interfaces of all routers are configured for OSPF area 0. R3 can ping R1, but the two routers are unable to establish a neighbor adjacency. What should the network administrator do to troubleshoot this problem?
Check if the interfaces of the routers are enabled.
** Check the hello and dead intervals between the routers.
Check the process ID of both routers.
Check if CDP is enabled on all the routers.

40. Refer to the exhibit. What information can be determined from the highlighted output?
R1 is originating the route 172.30.200.32/28.
** Automatic summarization is disabled.
The 172.30.200.16/28 network is one hop away from R1.
A classful routing protocol is being used.

41. Which two router component and operation pair are correctly described? (Choose two.)
DRAM loads the bootstrap
RAM stores the operating system
Flash executes diagnostics at bootup
** NVRAM stores the configuration file
ROM stores the backup configuration file
** POST runs diagnostics on hardware modules

42. Which routing protocol by default uses bandwidth and delay to calculate the metric of a route?
RIPv1
RIPv2
OSPF
** EIGRP

43. Two routers need to be configured within a single OSPF area. Which two components need to be configured on both routers to achieve this? (Choose two.)
the same process ID
** the same area ID
** network addresses and wildcard masks
the same router ID
the same loop back address

44. Refer to the exhibit. The networks that are connected to R1 have been summarized for R2 as 192.168.136.0/21. Which packet destination address will R2 forward to R1?
192.168.135.1
**192.168.142.1
192.168.144.1
192.168.128.1

45. Refer to the exhibit. R1 is running RIP with default parameters. R1 has learned four different paths with the same metrics to network 192.168.6.0. Which path or paths will R1 use to forward a packet that is destined to 192.168.6.10?
** the first path that the router learned.
only the first two of the four paths that the router learned.
the last path that the router learned.
all four paths.

46. What are two functions of a router? (Choose two.)
** It connects multiple IP networks.
It controls the flow of data via the use of Layer 2 addresses.
** It determines the best path to send packets.
It manages the VLAN database.
It increases the size of the broadcast domain.

47. Refer to the exhibit. Which statement is true about the routing process for this network?
A packet leaves interface Fa0/0 of R1 with the source MAC address as 000C.3010.9260.
** The packet leaves interface Fa0/0 of R1 with the source MAC address as 000C.3010.9260.
The no shutdown command needs to run on the Fa0/0 interface of R1.
The Fa0/0 interface of R2 could be configured with the IP address 172.16.4.1/24.

48. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has run the show interface command. The output of this command is displayed. What is the first step that is required to make this interface operational?
Switch the cable with a known working cable.
** Issue the no shutdown command on the interface.
Configure the interface as a loopback interface.
Set the encapsulation for the interface.

49. Refer to the exhibit. R1 is configured properly for a single area OSPF, and R2 has been recently installed in the network. Which set of commands is required to configure a single area OSPF for the networks that are connected to R2?
** R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(configrouter)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(configrouter)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(configrouter)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R2(config)# router ospf 2
R2(configrouter)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(configrouter)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(configrouter)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 1
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(configrouter)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(configrouter)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 1

50. Refer to the exhibit. The command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0 is run on router R2. What are the two results of this command? (Choose two.)
** A static route will be updated in the routing table.
The traffic from the Internet will be directed to R2.
The traffic from the source network 172.16.0.0/22 will be blocked.
** The route will be specified as the default route for all networks not defined in the routing table.
All the broadcasts will be forwarded via the S0/0/0 interface of R2.

51. Which three statements are true regarding the encapsulation and deencapsulation of packets when traveling through a router? (Choose three.)
** The router modifies the TTL field, decrementing it by one.
The router changes the source IP to the IP of the exit interface.
** The router maintains the same source and destination IP.
** The router changes the source physical address to the physical address of the exit interface.
The router changes the destination IP to the IP of the exit interface.
The router sends the packet out all other interfaces, besides the one it entered the router on.

52. What are two tasks that must be completed before two routers can use OSPF to form a neighbor adjacency? (Choose two.)
The routers must elect a designated router.
** The routers must agree on the network type.
** The routers must use the same dead interval.
The routers must exchange link state requests.
The routers must exchange database description packets.

53. Refer to the exhibit. Although both the routers can ping the serial interface of their neighbors, they are unable to ping the Ethernet interfaces of other routers. Which two statements are true for this network? (Choose two.)
The administrative distance has been set to 50 on both routers.
** R2 is learning about network 192.168.1.0.
R1 is learning about network 192.168.2.0.
The network 10.1.1.0 command has not been run on both routers.
** Autosummarization is enabled on both routers.

54. Which two situations require the use of a linkstate protocol? (Choose two.)
** Fast convergence of the network is critical.
** The network is very large.
The network administrator has limited knowledge to configure and troubleshoot routing protocols.The network is a flat network.
The capacity of the router is low.

55. Refer to the exhibit. What information can be determined from the displayed output?
EIGRP packets are waiting to be sent to the neighbors.
The adjacencies between the routers are yet to be established.
The IP address 192.168.10.10 is configured at serial interface S0/0/1 of router R2.
** Router R2 is receiving hello packets from a neighbor with the IP address 192.168.10.10 via the R2 S0/0/1 interface.

56. Refer to the exhibit. PC1 is unable to access the Internet. What is the cause of the problem?
An incorrect IP address is configured between the two routers.
No static route is configured on Router2.
** A routing loop has occurred.
No routing protocol is configured on either of the two routers.

57. Refer to the exhibit. What summarization should R2 use to advertise its LAN networks to R1?
172.16.0.0/24
** 172.16.4.0/22
172.16.4.0/23

http://www.ccna4u.info/

	TDM relies on Layer 3 protocols to operate.
	Multiple sources can transmit over a single channel.
	Original data streams must be reconstructed at the destination.
	TDM methods vary depending on the Layer 2 protocol that is used.
	It allows information from multiple channels to be allocated bandwidth on multiple wires.

	DTE/DCE interface on the device connecting to the Internet
	location of the firewall or router
	physical point at which the public network ends and the private customer network begins
	tag assigned to the physical block where a cross-connect occurs

	EIA/TIA 232 (RS-232)
	EIA/TIA 422 (RS-422)
	EIA/TIA 423 (RS-423)
	EIA/TIA-612/613 (HSSI)
	ITU V.35

	Parallel connections do not support error checking.
	Parallel connections are subject to excessive attenuation.
	Parallel connections are subject to clock skew and to crosstalk between wires.
	Parallel connections transmit over only two wires and therefore transmit data more slowly.

	HDLC does not support CDP.
	HDLC and PPP are compatible.
	HDLC supports PAP and CHAP authentication.
	HDLC implementation in Cisco routers is proprietary.
	HDLC is the default serial interface encapsulation on Cisco routers.
	HDLC uses frame delimiters to mark the beginnings and ends of frames.

10 tut - SHARING TIP AND TUT

Thứ Hai, 29 tháng 12, 2008

CCNA4 MODULE 2 100/100

Thứ Sáu, 26 tháng 12, 2008

CCNA3 v4.0 download

Thứ Tư, 24 tháng 12, 2008

CCNA1 answer (Updated 23/12/2008 )

CCNA4 v4.0 download(updated 23/12/2008)

CCNA2 FINAL2 (new 25/12/08)

	It is responsible for negotiating link establishment.
	It negotiates options for Layer 3 protocols running over PPP.
	It uses MD5 encryption while negotiating link establishment parameters.
	It terminates the link upon user request or the expiration of an inactivity timer.
	It can test the link to determine if link quality is sufficient to bring up the link.
	It monitors the link for congestion and dynamically adjusts the acceptable window size.

	link quality
	authentication
	dynamic flow control
	compression and network layer address for IP
	connection-oriented or connectionless communication methods

	to supply error detection
	to establish and terminate data links
	to provide authentication capabilities to PPP
	to manage network congestion and to allow quality testing of the link
	to allow multiple Layer 3 protocols to operate over the same physical link

	Layer 2 is down.
	LCP, IPCP, and CDPCP negotiations are in progress.
	Only the link-establishment phase completed successfully.
	Both the link-establishment and network-layer phase completed successfully.

	PAP sends passwords in clear text.
	PAP uses a 3-way handshake to establish a link.
	PAP provides protection from repeated trial-and-error attacks.
	CHAP uses a 2-way handshake to establish a link.
	CHAP uses a challenge/response that is based on the MD5 hash algorithm.
	CHAP uses repeated challenges for verification.

	LCP is in the process of negotiating a link.
	LCP and NCP are waiting for CHAP authentication to complete.
	LCP negotiation has been successful, but NCP negotiation is in progress.
	Data is able to flow across this link.

	NCP has successfully negotiated.
	The PAP passwords did not match, so the routers are trying CHAP authentication.
	One router has suggested PAP authentication, and the other has accepted authentication but suggested CHAP authentication.
	One router can only use PAP authentication while the other router can only use CHAP, so the connection has been rejected.

	The router has agreed on IP parameters.
	The router has negotiated LCP successfully.
	The router is negotiating IP compression options.
	The router is requesting an IP address from its peer.
	The router has accepted IP but not the suggested IP options.

	It can communicate more efficiently with other Cisco devices
	It is less complex to configure
	It has less Layer 2 overhead
	It supports authentication

	The remote CSU or DSU has failed.
	The router is not sensing a CD signal.
	A timing problem has occurred on the cable.
	The line is not physically connected to the CSU/DSU.
	The router configuration contains the shutdown interface configuration command.

	Router(config)# hostname R3 R3(config)# username R1 password Cisco R3(config)# interface Serial 0/0/0 R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp R3(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.3 255.255.255.0 R3(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
	Router(config)# hostname R3 R3(config)# username R3 password Cisco R3(config)# interface Serial 0/0/0 R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp R3(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.3 255.255.255.0 R3(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
	Router (config)# username Router password Cisco Router (config)# interface Serial 0/0/0 Router (config-if)# clockrate 64000 Router (config-if)# encapsulation ppp Router (config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 Router config-if)# ppp authentication chap
	Router (config)# username R1 password Cisco Router config)# interface Serial 0/0/0 Router (config-if)# clockrate 64000 Router config-if)# encapsulation ppp Router (config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# ppp authentication chap

	Interface Serial0/0/0 resets very frequently.
	PPP LQM has shutdown the serial interface.
	The serial interface has no input or output queues available.
	The serial interface is not configured for a Layer 2 protocol.
	The interface has been administratively shutdown with the shutdown command.

	All username and password information that is sent will be encrypted.
	All authentication on the serial link will be accomplished using a three-way handshake.
	The Predictor algorithm will be used to compress all packets that are sent and received on the serial link.
	The serial link will be closed if the number of received packets at the destination node falls below 90 percent of the packets that are sent.